在《被遗忘的时光》中,我们抵达了某种真正意义上的断裂。从表面上看,这一断裂当然体现在作者的叙事意图与文本效果的落差之中;而在根本上,它却横亘于苦难的生命本相与内在的存在激情之间。正是从后者这里,一种具有严肃伦理学意义的浪漫主义现身了。
《时光》 聚焦于所谓“失智老人”的生活,以流畅的跳切和多线穿插叙事呈现了台北一家失智老人社会福利基金会所主持的养护中心的群落生态
在《被遗忘的时光》中,我们抵达了某种真正意义上的断裂。从表面上看,这一断裂当然体现在作者的叙事意图与文本效果的落差之中;而在根本上,它却横亘于苦难的生命本相与内在的存在激情之间。正是从后者这里,一种具有严肃伦理学意义的浪漫主义现身了。
《时光》 聚焦于所谓“失智老人”的生活,以流畅的跳切和多线穿插叙事呈现了台北一家失智老人社会福利基金会所主持的养护中心的群落生态。尽管原因各异,但养护中心的老人都遭遇着相同的困境——遗忘。然而,像废墟之上残留的遗迹,在这些被现代医学诊断为“失忆症”的老人身上,始终有些过往的记忆仍执拗地参与着他们此在的生活。比如,曾为国民党特务的尹伯伯仍记得当年的流亡生涯;而曾在北平圣心女中教英文的的王老师则在养护中心仍每天坚持穿上齐整的工作装,给工作人员教授英文。事实上,并非遗忘本身,而是残缺的记忆和无法重返或摆脱的往事使这些老人的生活氤氲于沉重的苦痛之中。影片也确实试图通过摄影机的记录和捕捉来让这些边缘人的苦难走到镜头前,唤醒社会公众对“失智老人”群体的关注。苦难的讲述带来悲情,这也成为影片所追求的主导情感策略。除了正片中大量的催泪时刻外,影片在片末彩蛋里还请来了前流行音乐女团SHE成员陈嘉桦,拍摄了她与老去的祖母在日常生活中令人动容的情感互动。
然而,在这部主打悲情牌的纪录片中却有大量颇为奇怪的欢脱场面,它们大都由影片最重要的拍摄对象即81岁的许景珍老奶奶带来。这位1949年去台的东北老太太数十年后仍乡音不改,并屡屡使用伶俐的言辞展现着自己的——用流行的网络用语来说——逗比风采。正如导演本人在一次访谈中所言,《时光》是自己作品中少数能令人爆笑的影片,而“爆笑不是因为我多厉害,是因为这个东北老太太实在太厉害……因为这个人物太有意思了,然后就会把她作为一个重点人物”。[1] 那么,景珍究竟是以其怎样的有趣让导演不惜破坏影片的整体基调,而最终选择让这位断裂制造者成为绝对的主角?
影片的摄制开始于景珍最送到养护中心的第一天,几天后她的女儿和外孙女第一次来中心看望她时,景珍一本正经地问女儿“你是谁啊”,还混淆了女儿和外孙女的身份。而在女孩一本正经的指出“她”(景珍女儿)才是自己的妈妈时,景珍露出了装傻逗乐的坏笑。直到这时候我们才能确认此前的一切“误会”都是她有意为之。而在拍摄过程中,她还动用类似的策略三番五次地“调戏”着摄制人员,比如问长发、络腮胡的副导演“你为什么要戴着帽子?”;而此前她还指着一位女性护工说“你看人家刮得多干净”——这里不仅暴露出她知道副导演并非未戴帽子的真相,还再次体现出其有意混淆人物身份的玩笑策略。而在另一些时候,她选择的游戏策略则是谐音式的口误。有一次,养护中心的工作人员指着某位处于境外的人物(应该是摄制人员)问她“你要不要跟他叙叙旧”,她当即回说“睡睡觉?睡什么觉?”;而在工作人员纠正她之后说“那你现在有空,你理他一下嘛”,她又回道“三角裤?”而在这两次“误解”之后,她同样毫无解惑后的难堪或尴尬,而是流露出招牌式的被自己逗乐了的狡黠表情。
总之,景珍的绝大部分言说都给人以真假莫辨、虚实不清的感觉。但对于我而言,这也是整部影片最有趣的地方,构成我最重要的观影期待。而在笑到脱线的同时,她的这些带有展演性的欢脱言行也“逼迫”我去尝试着去理解其内在动机和实践效果。很显然,她逸出了影片整体的悲情叙事,使影片形成一个并不太和谐的复调结构。这一点在影片的背景音乐中有最直接的体现,当摄影机转向尹伯伯、王老师等人的时候,音乐风格多哀婉深情;而一旦朝向景珍,则大部分变为欢快跳脱——虽然背景音乐具有后期配置的后设性,但在音画同步的成片中,它制造了这样一种效果,即仿佛所有人都知道景珍即将带来欢乐。
而曲调的转折、迂回、断裂之处,或许正是意识形态分析值得深入的缝隙所在。在1967年的一次名为“不同空间的正文与上下文”的演讲中,福柯提出了对后世空间研究影响巨大的“异托邦”(heterotopias,或译异质城邦)概念。在福柯看来,异托邦位于真实空间和虚假空间之间,“它们的角色,或许是创造一个幻想空间,以揭露所有真实空间是更具幻觉性的;另一方面,相反地,它们的角色是创造一个不同的空间,另一个完美的、拘谨的、仔细安排的真实空间,以显现我们的空间是污秽的、病态的和混乱的”。福柯把疗养院、精神病院、监狱、养老院、墓园、妓院甚至殖民地等可能潜行着意识形态抵抗因子的场所都视为异托邦。[2]而与福柯同时期的列斐伏尔则以“再现空间”(representational space)这一概念同样打开了空间研究的后现代路径。再现空间与异托邦相似,不过列斐伏尔创造性地将其与社会关系的再生产链接起来,在其中既可“复制”社会主导秩序也可能产生对一致性的抵抗,而后者即从再现空间中生长出来的抵抗潜质则成为列氏思考的重心。[3] 显然,不管在福柯还是列斐伏尔的思路中,重要的并非客观存在的空间本身,而是居于空间中的主体如何通过特定的实践而开掘出抵抗意义。回到《时光》中失智老人们所居处的空间之中。作为面向特定群体的护养中心,它兼具老人院、疗养院、精神病院的多重社会功能。在现代医学、社会福利制度(半公益性)和金融体系(影片中关于护养中心收费的内容表明了其半营利性)的共同参与下,大部分“失智老人”的生活在其中得到了异常拘谨、细致的安排;然而,这一安排又何尝不是一种福柯意义上的全景监狱?甚至“失智老人”这一能指本身就以其所携带着赤裸裸的疾病与衰老的意涵而揭示出他们作为残缺主体的位置。而作为残缺的主体,在护养中心这一特定的社会空间中直接意味着成为制度安排的客体——需要被照料和治疗、等待着康复的客体。
正是在这一脉络中,景珍的意义急遽地凸显出来。事实上,她既构成影片也构成养护中心最大的意外所在。作为“失智老人”,她的言论却往往有着令人震惊的逻辑清晰性,而且如前所言,其玩笑和口误常常是有意为之。通过这些玩笑和口误达成的语言狂欢,她一方面狡猾地跳出了养护中心和拍摄人员为其预设的行为和情感模式,甚至反而在戏谑而欢快的氛围中将他们都纳入到自己的游戏场中;更重要的是她解构了自己身处的、一本正经的空间结构及附着于其上的特定社会关系,至少在某种特定意义上。当年轻时的姐妹团来看望自己时,她“自信而从容”地混淆了几乎所有人的身份,只认出一位欧太太;而到了下一个镜头段落,她又不断向欧太太本人追问“欧太太去哪了”,被“误认”为替代者和冒牌货的欧太太则只能一脸尴尬。最后众人离去,摄影机捕捉到景珍有一个回头朝镜头呶嘴的调皮动作。
我们似乎难以确认景珍这些语言游戏的内在动机。但就其实践效果而言,它们确实使景珍得以从(与养护中心)照料/治疗与被照料/治疗、(与拍摄人员)拍摄/凝视与被拍摄/凝视、(与探望人员)看望/施予同情与被看望/接受同情等多重交织的主客关系中跳脱出来,甚至实现颠覆,从而享受着作为掌控者的主体快感。在这一快感中,遵循着现代医学、伦理学和经济学原则所建构起来的养护中心这一乌-恶托邦轰然崩塌。换而言之,在景珍的语言游戏之上,异托邦冉冉升起。影片中,在被视为冒牌货后,欧太太参观景珍屋子时讪讪地对众人说:“我们不必同情她,她在这儿挺好的。”
1983年春天的一个下午,一个名叫菲利浦·霍维茨的加州大学伯克利分校学生向正在此处讲学的福柯抛出了这样一个问题:“艺术家有一种身份吗?或者说,艺术家是不是人的一种没有权力的‘类型’,而这类人最近50年来由于电视之类技术媒介的操纵,又变得比以往更加无权了?艺术家能够超越‘结构’吗?或者这类人注定要被商品化、傀儡化?”显然这个问题击中了福柯,也因此霍维茨得到了令众人艳羡的与福柯喝咖啡的机会。一周后,福柯给出了自己的答案: “自由是可以找到的,但总离不开一定的背景。权力可以启动无休无止的斗争,那是无可避免的。但你总可以自由地认识属于你玩的游戏。”[4]作为尼采的后裔,福柯将具有生产性的权力将权力描述成了一个克莱因瓶式的存在,以至于对它说“no”也不过是另一种说“yes”。但他指明了自由的方向:参与到权力和结构中,与它展开游戏。异托邦的抵抗逻辑正在于此,从而与18世纪式的暴烈革命划清了界线。《时光》中,景珍显然很清楚自己的最大优势在于语言,同时语言上的狂欢和戏谑在社会结构为其确立的“失智老人”这一位置上不会带来任何惩罚。因此,她可以嘲弄、戏耍所有人,他人却根本无计可施。某种意义上来说,景珍是整部影片中唯一的“坏人”。通过语言上的使坏,她在安全线内最大程度地颠覆了全部的陈规,从而让人不得不对“失智老人”这一具有“污名”嫌疑的命名重新进行思考。
景珍当然不是艺术家,但她确乎践行着一种后现代意义上的存在诗学。从她荒诞、欢乐的语言游戏中我们看到一颗浪漫、有趣到骨子里的灵魂。
引用:
[1] 杨力州、孙红云:以真诚高举边缘人的历史——杨力州导演采访[J].北京电影学院学报,2015(6):44-55.
[2] 米歇尔·福柯:〈不同空间的正文与上下文〉. 参见包亚明主编:《后现代性与地理学的政治》[M]. 上海:上海教育出版社,2003年:18-27.
[3] 亨利·列斐伏尔:〈空间:社会产物与使用价值〉. 参见包亚明主编:《现代性与空间的生产》[M]. 上海:上海教育出版社,2003年:47-58.
[4] 詹姆斯·米勒:《福柯的生死爱欲》[M]. 高毅译. 上海:上海人民出版社,2003年:477.
胡桃夹子与四个王国,一个美丽聪明少女的奇幻之旅。
上一部类似胡桃夹子与四个王国的影片我想应该是爱丽丝梦游仙境,说实话,我不太喜欢爱丽丝梦游仙境的故事情节还有人物,但她奇幻瑰丽的画面还有天马行空的异世界深深吸引了我,所以我对胡桃夹子与四个王国期待值很高。
剧情很简单,一个美丽任性少女为了妈妈的遗物而闯入异世界,发生了一系列奇妙梦幻的事情。套路有些老套,姜母女王是被冤枉的
胡桃夹子与四个王国,一个美丽聪明少女的奇幻之旅。
上一部类似胡桃夹子与四个王国的影片我想应该是爱丽丝梦游仙境,说实话,我不太喜欢爱丽丝梦游仙境的故事情节还有人物,但她奇幻瑰丽的画面还有天马行空的异世界深深吸引了我,所以我对胡桃夹子与四个王国期待值很高。
剧情很简单,一个美丽任性少女为了妈妈的遗物而闯入异世界,发生了一系列奇妙梦幻的事情。套路有些老套,姜母女王是被冤枉的忠良,看似热情甜美的糖梅仙子反倒是恶魔(嗯,这教育了我们知人知面不知心,我们不能仅凭第一印象而判断人的好坏),女主克拉拉经历异世界的一切后领悟到现实生活的真谛,改变拯救异世界之后完美回归家庭(真的像爱丽丝梦游仙境)。
女主角克拉拉,有勇有谋的任性少女。聪明,给教父修小天鹅,用火柴抓老鼠,修改神奇机器打败反派,用物理知识逃命。勇敢,为拿到钥匙敢带领士兵闯进第四王国,孤身和姜母女王打架(姜母女王有放水嫌疑),发现糖梅仙子恶行敢“上刀山下火海”去阻止事情发生。任性,千辛万苦拿到钥匙打开妈妈的遗物失望后就耍小脾气撂挑子不干,钥匙给了糖梅仙子出了事责怪士兵(虽然最后克拉拉认了错,但我还是要批评她一下)。但总体来讲女主人设还可以,不出彩也不出错。
男主角胡桃士兵,一个很正面的士兵形象,是克拉拉身边的绅士暖男,虽然我对他的黑人形象无所谓,但觉得换成眉眼深邃的白人帅哥更好。
电影里其他配角都不错,各有优点,最喜欢守门士兵和小老鼠,很可爱。
整部电影画面真的美丽,服装道具一看就是大手笔,迪士尼的真人童话电影真的是把我们小时候脑海里想象的画面呈现在成年的我们的眼前,我坐在电影院里一次次被梦幻的场景击中了我的少女心,现实生活中的圣诞夜和异世界的冰雪王国简直就是我期待中雪夜圣诞的样子。克拉拉误入奇妙世界成为公主,后来又成为小英雄,也是我年少时一次次的梦想。
并且这部电影也迎合了现在的女权思想和种族问题。这个不多说,看完电影会知道。
最后,我想说,学好数理化,走遍天下都不怕。为什么呢?学好数理化,你可以像克拉拉妈妈一样创造一个奇妙王国,你也可以像克拉拉一样用自己的知识拯救自己,在妈妈的王国里尽情探险。数理化不好呢,嗯,奇妙故事与你无关。
再最后,女主角真的好看,颜狗盛宴。
The pace is extremely slow. The first forty minutes just tells one thing: two lovers are going to have a baby. The non-linear structure, or the flashback way is just unnecessary in this movie, maki
The pace is extremely slow. The first forty minutes just tells one thing: two lovers are going to have a baby. The non-linear structure, or the flashback way is just unnecessary in this movie, making it rather chaotic. It is a pity that Barry Jenkins did not make any progress in the last few years.
这个纪录片我一直在跟,从一粉解湘愁,百味米食君,巷味争食记,大厨的仰望,湘野奇闻录,湘味的倔强,归园食歌集已经看了7集了,我每次都是看两遍才能更深刻体会到湘菜美食的精华。它都是通过人物带进美食,体味人生的同时体味美食,强烈推荐,并期待傲椒的湘菜把更多的湘味美食带给我们。我喜爱美食更喜爱湘菜。
这个纪录片我一直在跟,从一粉解湘愁,百味米食君,巷味争食记,大厨的仰望,湘野奇闻录,湘味的倔强,归园食歌集已经看了7集了,我每次都是看两遍才能更深刻体会到湘菜美食的精华。它都是通过人物带进美食,体味人生的同时体味美食,强烈推荐,并期待傲椒的湘菜把更多的湘味美食带给我们。我喜爱美食更喜爱湘菜。
在昨日上映的《加勒比海盗5》中,巴博萨船长又gg了,但是这次他会不会再回来呢?个人认为可能性不大,毕竟他已经把自己交代得差不多了,这个人物已经大致完整,这次应该是真的离开了,永远的留在传说里了。当在荧幕上见证了巴博萨的离开以后,心中还是一阵激动,正如Jack所说:海盗的人生。巴博萨的一生,就是一个传奇海盗的一生。言至此,笔者就以电影顺序来谈谈巴博萨船长。一开始的巴博萨是黑珍珠
在昨日上映的《加勒比海盗5》中,巴博萨船长又gg了,但是这次他会不会再回来呢?个人认为可能性不大,毕竟他已经把自己交代得差不多了,这个人物已经大致完整,这次应该是真的离开了,永远的留在传说里了。当在荧幕上见证了巴博萨的离开以后,心中还是一阵激动,正如Jack所说:海盗的人生。巴博萨的一生,就是一个传奇海盗的一生。言至此,笔者就以电影顺序来谈谈巴博萨船长。一开始的巴博萨是黑珍珠号的船长,带着金币的诅咒,承受着诅咒的折磨。而当最后一枚金币落入海洋,巴博萨船长终于找到了结束诅咒的希望。于是围绕着诅咒,《加勒比海盗1》的剧情便就此铺展开来。影片中交代了一些巴博萨的过往:作为杰克的大副,为了宝藏而背叛杰克,把杰克和一把枪扔到了无人岛上;把唯一的反对背叛的船员——老特纳绑在大炮上沉入海底;为了解开诅咒不择手段,四处劫掠,生灵涂炭,连海盗都为之丧胆。在1中,巴博萨是一个十足的反派,斗杰克,打海军,不死之身所向披靡,俨然一个大boss的设定。虽然最后输给了杰克,但是不得不说,巴博萨和杰克打了个55开。只不过他作恶太多,老天爷终不饶他,最后让他第一次gg了。巴博萨的回归是在2的结尾。当时,杰克已经和他的黑珍珠号一起被海怪吞进了生与死的间隔空间。而科莉布索为了自由就必须需要杰克和他的银币,所以她和巴博萨达成了交易,巴博萨回归,回报是救出杰克,帮助女神获得自由。于是被杰克杀死的巴博萨在复活后的第一件事却是救出杰克。然而在后续的影片中两位黑珍珠号的船长虽然针锋相对,但却并没有歇斯底里的以命相搏。有些人或许会疑惑,而笔者是这样解读的:在1中,巴博萨背叛杰克,将杰克扔到无人岛,虽然杰克没死,但是实际上已经是杀了一次杰克。而后来,巴博萨被杰克成功复仇,自己也被杰克杀了一次。这可以说是平手。毕竟经历过生死的人会看淡生死,所以就算是救出了杰克,完成了与老女巫的交易,巴博萨也没有过河拆桥搞死杰克的意思。说到底,在1中的对战之后,两人之间的恩怨已清,所以往后的剧情中,两人更多的是惺惺相惜。既然如此,就自然要说到3和4。3中,为了抵抗东印度公司,抵抗强大的海军,为了海盗最后的希望,所有的海盗都团结一致,同仇敌忾。3中巴博萨的戏比较简单,就是救出杰克解放科莉布索,而主要戏份还是给了特纳和伊丽莎白,就连主角杰克也只仅仅是串联剧情,没有多少高光时刻。但是,从片中我们还是已经可以看出巴博萨和杰克的投机之处,感受到一点惺惺相惜。【由于旨在讨论巴博萨,所以3就不再赘述】4的整体剧情就比起三部曲要简单许多,一句概括就是围绕不老泉。黑胡子被巴博萨成功复仇,杰克也通过和巴博萨的合作摆脱了黑胡子,收回了黑珍珠号。在影片中,巴博萨和杰克一开始依旧是飙对手戏,但是一到了不老泉所在地,双方终于将互相之间的了解与尊敬表露无遗。杰克说出了巴博萨复仇的目的,而巴博萨也向杰克说出了失去黑珍珠号的故事。最后,他同杰克里应外合,一同搞定了大boss黑胡子。在这部戏中,可谓是为巴博萨做足了戏码,当时可能费解为什么会将巴博萨洗白?殊不知这一切都是为5做的嫁衣。4向我们展现了巴博萨的另一面,展现了他的斗争精神,展现了他的卧薪尝胆,证明了他是一个合格的船长。作为告别系列的角色,5中的巴博萨已经是为了父爱而献身的英雄。而这部戏,也让巴博萨足足carry了一把。有钱任性的他直接去找女巫拿到了罗盘以及重要信息:杰克有黑珍珠号,有寻找三叉戟的航海路线。于是他决定兵行险招,先同萨拉查合作,借自己的手去寻找杰克,这样,就能确保自己第一时间见到杰克,免得被萨拉查抢先。而找到杰克之后,他又果断解放黑珍珠号,利用这唯一一艘打败过萨拉查的船去寻找海神三叉戟。一开始,他只是不想让死人军团损害他的既得利益。但是当他遇到了自己出色俏丽的女儿时,他的目的改变了,之前所有迷人的财宝都已黯淡无光。要不是那证明身份的日记本以及杰克那神奇的罗盘,巴博萨绝对不会认定眼前这位佳人竟是数十年前自己留在孤儿院门口的女儿。所以,他心里萌生了父爱,他决定守护他的孩子。于是,在最终,巴博萨抓住的杰克送来的剑,一剑刺穿萨拉查,一击多杀,成功登上全场最佳,挽救了女儿,女婿,杰克。回顾巴博萨船长的一生,年轻时,他同杰克一起兴风作浪,四处漂泊,战斗,美酒与佳人。那时,他是激情四射的青年。渐渐地,他被欲望所控制,为了财宝,背叛杰克,在中了诅咒之后更是变得十恶不赦,欲望让他彻底迷失。这时,他是一个十足的邪恶的坏蛋。在被杰克击败之后,归来的巴博萨学会了控制欲望,所以在杀死黑胡子完成报仇之后,他甚至成为了海上的霸主。此时,他是一段脍炙人口的传奇。最后一战,他为了自己的女儿,义无反顾,自我牺牲。如今,他已是一位伟大的父亲。再见,巴博萨。Farewell,my captain.
看完电影后莫名的很不爽哈哈哈
可能里面受困的对象都是以女性为主,曾经小有名气支持单身的作家在访谈上说出支持结婚,鼓励去爱
在网络上骂骂咧咧支持单身的白领也是为爱所困,被爱所害的不得者
表面家庭和睦、温柔贤惠的主妇是想回归工作,想拥有自己生活与话语
看完电影后莫名的很不爽哈哈哈
可能里面受困的对象都是以女性为主,曾经小有名气支持单身的作家在访谈上说出支持结婚,鼓励去爱
在网络上骂骂咧咧支持单身的白领也是为爱所困,被爱所害的不得者
表面家庭和睦、温柔贤惠的主妇是想回归工作,想拥有自己生活与话语权的女性
还有喜欢亮晶晶生活,坚持“不卖艺不卖身”的年轻女孩
四个人在生活上没有很多交集,但是她们都羡慕着对方的生活,作家因为受够了家里妈妈的唠叨,迫切的想着结婚算了,但是妈妈的一句话,“结婚后也要做好一个人的准备,我不希望你成为我这样的人”,让我破防
男方父母希望结婚后她能放弃自己的工作,很不客气的语气
(看着我难受极了,倒也不是女quan思想,但是结婚后的平等与尊重是爱情的基石,为什么结婚体检就女方去,男的就没病了?两个人一起去,一起带孩子,一起规划未来,如果结了婚,在很多时候都是平等的双方,太不喜欢被支配被使唤的压抑感了)
单身白领与家庭妇女则是大学同学,一个还没结婚,一个孩子都有了,在聚会上的见面也是比较尴尬(哈哈哈一直互戳痛点)
在最后,作家选择不结婚,白领扔掉了为打算同居而买的大床,女孩开始了正经工作,家庭主妇也要求孩子他爸一起带孩子出去玩,几个人在路口有了一个短暂的会面,故事到此结束
“打算一直单身吗”
这个话题问出来就是对现在单身风气的一种不认可,潜意识里表达着,你需要脱单,你需要谈恋爱,你需要被人爱
但是爱人与爱己是一个有着同样本质的过程,我需要先爱自己,再爱别人
我相信以后我的另一半肯定也是因为看见在他没有出现之前我也把自己照顾的好好的,因为我身上有这样的品质,所以他选择爱我
我不需要他爱我所缺失的东西,他要爱我就有的东西
后来断断续续的
2018年没怎么吃
但是也吃了一些
2019年吃了,但是不多,零打碎敲的。
2020年猛吃
2021正在想法设法减
而且到现在为止,已经吃了寄来的1/6了
要是不吃完再回去
恐怕也不是那个意思
而是在调节好作息时间再回去
那个连接处,比较有好处
后来断断续续的
2018年没怎么吃
但是也吃了一些
2019年吃了,但是不多,零打碎敲的。
2020年猛吃
2021正在想法设法减
而且到现在为止,已经吃了寄来的1/6了
要是不吃完再回去
恐怕也不是那个意思
而是在调节好作息时间再回去
那个连接处,比较有好处
这中间,无非就是一个端午节而已
而七月四号,恰恰是美国独立日
So I stopped at a Jack in the Box on the way here, and the girl behind the counter said, “Hiya! Are you having an awesome day?” Not, “How are you doing today?” No. “Are you having an So I stopped at a Jack in the Box on the way here, and the girl behind the counter said, “Hiya! Are you having an awesome day?” Not, “How are you doing today?” No. “Are you having an awesome day?” Which is pretty… shitty, because it puts the onus on me to disagree with her, like if I’m not having an “awesome day,” suddenly I’m the negative one. Usually when people ask how I’m doing, the real answer is I’m doing shitty, but I can’t say I’m doing shitty because I don’t even have a good reason to be doing shitty. So if I say, “I’m doing shitty,” then they say, “Why? What’s wrong?” And I have to be like, “I don’t know, all of it?” So instead, when people ask how I’m doing, I usually say, “I am doing so great.” But when this girl at the Jack in the Box asked me if I was having an awesome day, I thought, “Well, today I’m actually allowed to feel shitty.” Today I have a good reason, so I said to her, “Well, my mom died,” and she immediately burst into tears. So now I have to comfort her, which is annoying, and meanwhile, there’s a line of people forming behind me who are all giving me these real judgy looks because I made the Jack in the Box girl cry. And she’s bawling, and she’s saying, “I’m sorry, I’m so sorry,” and I’m like, “It’s fine. It’s fine.” I mean, it’s not fine but, you know, it’s… fine. And I would like to order a Double Jack Meal, and I’ve kinda got somewhere to be, so maybe less with the crying and more with the frying, huh? [inhales] And the girl apologizes again and she offers me a free churro with my meal. And as I’m leaving, I think, “I just got a free churro because my mom died.” No one ever tells you that when your mom dies, you get a free churro. [people murmuring] [clears throat] Anyway, I’m sorry, that’s not part of the… [clears throat] All right. Okay, here we go. Let’s do this. Here I am, BoJack Horseman, doing a eulogy, let’s go. Hey, piano man, can I get a, like an organ flourish? [organ plays] Nicely done. You know, I was a little worried I wouldn’t have the right accompaniment today. I guess it’s a good thing my mom was an organ donor! [rimshot plays] What happened to the organ? [horn ‘oogahs’] Okay, why just leave the comedy to the professionals? Okay? This is a funeral, sir, for my mother. Can you show a little respect? [trumpet whines] I’ll take it. Beatrice Horseman, who was she? What was her deal? Well, she was a horse. Uh, she was born in 1938. She died in 2018. One time, she went to a parade, and one time, she smoked an entire cigarette in one long inhale. I watched her do it. Truly a remarkable woman. [rustling] Lived a full life, that lady. Just, all the way to the end, which is, uh, now I guess. Really makes you think, though, huh? Life, right? Goes by, stuff happens. Then you die. Okay, well that’s my time, you’ve been great! Tip your waitress! No, I’m just kidding around, there’s no waitress. But seriously, that’s all I have to say about my mother. No point beating a dead horse, right? So… [inhales] Now what? I don’t know. Mom, you got any ideas? Anything? Mom? No? Nothing to contribute? Knock once if you’re proud of me. Can I just say how amazing it is to be in a room with my mother, and I can just talk and talk without her telling me to shut up and make her a drink? Hey, Mom, knock once if you think I should shut up. No? You sure? I mean, I don’t want to embarrass you by making this eulogy into a me-logy, so, seriously, if you wanted me to sit down and let someone else talk, just knock. I will not be offended. No? Your funeral. Sorry about the closed casket, by the way. She wanted an open casket, but uh, you know, she’s dead now, so who cares what she wanted? No, that sounds bad. I’m sorry. I-I think that if she could’ve seen what she looked like dead, she’d agree it’s better this way. She looked like this. [groaning] [mourners gasping] Kinda like a pissed-off toy dinosaur. The coroner couldn’t get her eyes closed, so now her face is forever frozen in a mask of tremendous horror and anguish. Or as my mom called it, Tuesday! Tuesday! My mom called it Tuesday. [woman coughs] Hey, Mom, what did you think of that joke? You like that? You never did care for my comedy. [clears throat] Here’s a story. When I was a teenager, I performed a comedy routine for my high school talent show. There was this, uh, cool jacket that I wanted to wear because I thought it would make me look like Albert Brooks. For months, I saved up for this jacket. But when I finally had enough, I went to the store and it was gone. They had just sold it to someone else. So, I went home and I told my mother, and she said, “Let that be a lesson. That’s the good that comes from wanting things.” She was really good at dispensing life lessons that always seemed to circle back to everything being my fault. But then, on the day of the talent show, my mother had a surprise for me. She had bought me the jacket. Even though she didn’t know how to say it, I know this meant that she loved me. Now that’s a good story about my mother. It’s not true, but it’s a good story, right? I stole it from an episode of Maude I saw when I was a kid, where she talks about her father. I remember when I saw it, thinking, “That’s the kind of story I want to tell about my parents when they die.” But I don’t have any stories like that. All I know about being good, I learned from TV. And in TV, flawed characters are constantly showing people they care with these surprising grand gestures. And I think that part of me still believes that’s what love is. But in real life, the big gesture isn’t enough. You need to be consistent, you need to be dependably good. You can’t just screw everything up and then take a boat out into the ocean to save your best friend, or solve a mystery, and fly to Kansas. You need to do it every day, which is so… hard. When you’re a kid, you convince yourself that maybe the grand gesture could be enough, that even though your parents aren’t what you need them to be over and over and over again, at any moment, they might surprise you with something… wonderful. I kept waiting for that, the proof that even though my mother was a hard woman, deep down, she loved me and cared about me and wanted me to know that I made her life a little bit brighter. Even now, I find myself waiting. Hey, Mom, knock once if you love me and care about me and want me to know I made your life a little bit brighter. [owl chirping] My mother did not go gentle into that good night. She went clawing and fighting and thrashing, hence the face. [groaning] [mourners gasping] If you’d seen her, I swear to God the only thing you’d be thinking about right now is that I am nailing this impression. [woman clears her throat] [chairs squeak] I was in the hospital with her those last moments, and they were truly horrifying, full of nonsencial screams and cries, but there was this moment, this one instant of strange calm, where she looked in my direction and said, “I see you.” That’s the last thing she said to me. “I see you.” Not a statement of judgment or disappointment, just acceptance and the simple recognition of another person in a room. “Hello there. You are a person. And I see you.” Let me tell you, it’s a weird thing to feel at 54 years old, that for the first time in your life your mother sees you. It’s an odd realization that that’s the thing you’ve been missing, the only thing you wanted all along, to be seen. And it doesn’t feel like a relief, to finally be seen. It feels mean, like, “Oh, it turns out that you knew what I wanted, and you waited until the very last moment to give it to me.” I was prepared for more cruelty. I was sure that she would get in one final zinger about how I let her down, and about how I was fat and stupid and too tall to be an effective Lindy-hopper. How I was needy and a burden and an embarrassment—all that I was ready for. I was not ready for “I see you.” Only my mother would be lousy enough to swipe me with a moment of connection on her way out. But maybe I’m giving her too much credit. Maybe it wasn’t about connection. Maybe it was a… maybe it was an “I see you,” like, uh, “I see you.” Like, “You might have the rest of the world fooled, but I know exactly who you are.” That’s more my mom’s speed. Or maybe she just literally meant “I see you. You are an object that has entered my field of vision.” She was pretty out of it at the end, so maybe it’s dumb to try to attribute it to anything. [woman sighs] Back in the 90s, I was in a very famous TV show called Horsin’ Around. [man coughs] Please hold your applause. And I remember one time, a fan asked me, “Hey, um, you know that episode where the horse has to give Ethan a pep talk after Ethan finds out his crush only asked him to the dance because her friends were having a dorkiest date contest? In all the shots of the horse, you can see a paper coffee cup on the kitchen counter, but in the shots of Ethan, the coffee cup’s missing. Was that because the show was making a statement about the fluctuant subjectivity of memory and how even two people can experience the same moment in entirely different ways?” And I didn’t have the heart to be, like, “No, man, some crew guy just left their coffee cup in the shot.” So instead, I was, like… “Yeah.” And maybe this is like that coffee cup. Maybe we’re dumb to try to pin significance onto every little thing. Maybe when someone says, “I see you,” it just means, “I see you.” Then again, it’s possible she wasn’t even talking to me because, if I’m being honest, she wasn’t really looking at me. She was looking just past me. There was nobody else in the room, so I want to think she was talking to me, but, honestly, she was so far gone at that point, who knows what she was seeing? Who were you talking to, Mom? [sighs] Not saying, huh? Staying mum? No rimshot there? God, whatever I’m paying you, it’s too much. Maybe she saw my dad. My dad died about ten years ago of injuries he sustained during a duel. When your father dies, you ask yourself a lot of questions. Questions like, “Wait, did you say he died in a duel?” and “Who dies in a duel?” The whole thing was so stupid. Dad spent his entire life writing this book, but he couldn’t get any stores to carry it or any newspapers to review it. Finally, I guess this one newspaper thought he was pretty hilarious, because they ran a review and tore him to shreds. So my father, ever the proud Mary, decided he would not stand for this besmirchment of his honor. He claimed the critic didn’t understand what it meant to be a man, so he demanded satisfaction in the form of pistols at dawn. He wrote the paper this letter, saying anyone who didn’t like his book, he would challenge to a duel, anyone in the world. He’d even pay for airfare to San Francisco and a night in a hotel. Well, eventually this found its way to some kook in Montana, who was as batshit as he was and took him up on the offer. They met at Golden Gate Park and agreed: ten paces, then shoot. But in the middle of the ten paces, Dad turned to ask the guy if he’d actually read the book and what he thought, but, not looking where he was going, tripped over an exposed root and bashed his head on a rock. [murmur] I wish I’d known to go to Jack in the Box then. Maybe I could have gotten a free churro. It would’ve been nice to have something to show for being the son of Butterscotch Horseman. My darling mother gave the eulogy. My entire life I never heard her say a kind word to or about my father, but at his funeral she said, “My husband is dead, and everything is worse now.” “My husband is dead, and everything is worse now.” I don’t know why she said that. Maybe she felt like that’s the kind of thing you’re supposed to say at a funeral. Maybe she hoped one day someone would say that about her. “My mother is dead, and everything is worse now.” Or maybe she knew that he had frittered away all her inheritance, and replaced it with crippling debt, which is a pretty shitty thing to leave your widow with. “Bad news, you lost a husband, but don’t worry, you also lost the house!” Maybe Mom knew she’d have to sell all her fancy jewelry and move into a home. Maybe that’s what she meant by “everything is worse now.” Is that what you meant, Mom? I gotta say, I’m really carrying this double act. At least with Penn and Teller, the quiet one does card tricks. Hey, piano man, when I say something funny to my mom, how about you give me one of those rimshots? [rimshot plays] Yeah, but not now. When I say something funny. Like, okay. What’s the difference between my mother and a disruptive expulsion of germs? One’s a coughin’ fit and the other fits a coffin! That’s an example of a funny thing. [rimshot plays] Thank you. Let’s try again. Hey, Mom. What’s the difference between my mother and a bunch of Easter eggs? One gets carried in a basket, the other gets buried in a casket! [rimshot plays] Ready for one more? Last one. What’s the difference between a first-year lit major and my mother, Beatrice Horseman? One is decently read, and the other’s a huge bitch! [woman gasps] [murmurs] Yeah, might have gone a little too far with that one. That one might’ve been a little too “my mom’s a huge bitch” for the room. I’m sorry, Mother. You’re not a huge bitch. You were a huge bitch… and now you’re dead. [woman sighs] You know, the first time I ever performed in front of an audience, it actually was, uh, with my mom. She used to put on these shows with her supper club in the living room and she used to make… [inhales] She used to make me sing “The Lollipop Song.” [organ playing tune] Those parties, they were really something. There were skits and magic acts, and ethnically insensitive vaudeville routines, and the big finale was always a dance my mother did. She had this beautiful dress that she only brought out for these parties, and she did this incredible number. It was so beautiful and sad. Dad hated the parties. He’d lock himself in the study, and bang on the walls for us to keep it down, but he always came out to see Mom dance. He’d linger in the doorway, scotch in hand, and watch in awe, as this cynical, despicable woman he married… took flight. And as a child who was completely terrified of both my parents, I was always aware that this moment of grace, it meant something. We understood each other in a way. Me and my mom and my dad, as screwed up as we all were, we did understand each other. My mother, she knew what it’s like to feel your entire life like you’re drowning, with the exception of these moments, these very rare, brief instances, in which you suddenly remember… you can swim. [flashback] [partygoers laughing] [classical music playing] But then again, mostly not. Mostly you’re drowning. She understood that, too. And she recognized that I understood it. And Dad. All three of us were drowning, and we didn’t know how to save each other, but there was an understanding that we were all drowning together. And I would like to think that that’s what she meant when we were in the hospital and she said, “I see you.” You know, the weird thing about both your parents being dead is it means that you’re next. I mean, you know, obviously it’s not like there’s a waitlist for dying. Any one of us could get run over by a Snapchatting teen at any moment. And you would think that knowing that would make us more adventurous, and kind, and forgiving. But it makes us small, and stupid, and petty. I actually had a near-death experience recently. A stunt went bad and I fell off a building. I’m an actor, I do my own stunts. I’m on this new show Philbert. I’m Philbert. Star of the show. It hasn’t come out yet, but it’s already getting Emmy buzz. Oh, speaking of buzz… [inhales] I’m supposed to take two of these every morning, but my days are so screwed up ‘cause of the shooting schedule, I don’t even know what morning means anymore. There’s a joke in there somewhere, about a guy who’s been to so many funerals, he doesn’t even know what mourning means anymore. Let you guys figure that one out for yourselves. [gulps] Anyway, you know what I thought, when I was falling off the building and I went into panic mode? The last thing that my stupid brain could come up with before I died? “Won’t they be sorry.” Cool thought, brain. [rimshot plays] No, that wasn’t… would you just… dial it back, all right? I don’t even know what “they” I wanted to be sorry. My mom, even before she died, could barely remember who I was. And of course, my dad’s dead. The last conversation I ever had with him was about his novel. He was so certain this book was his legacy. Maybe he thought it would vindicate him for all the shitty things he ever did in his stupid worthless life. Maybe it did, I don’t know. I never read it, because why would I give him that? I used to be on this TV show called Horsin’ Around. Seriously, though, hold your applause. [man coughs] Well held. It was written by my friend Herb Kazzaz, who’s also dead now, and it starred this little girl named Sarah Lynn. And it was about these orphans. And early on, the network had a note, “Maybe don’t mention they’re orphans so much, because audiences tend to find orphans sad and not relatable.” But I never thought that the orphans were sad. I-I always thought they were lucky, because they could imagine their parents to be anything they wanted. They had something to long for. Anyway, we did this one season finale, where Olivia’s birth mother comes to town. And she was a junkie, but she’s gotten herself cleaned up, and she wants to be in Olivia’s life again. And of course, she’s like a perfect grown-up version of Olivia, and they go to the mall together and get her ears pierced like she’s always wanted and—sorry, spoiler alert for the season six finale of Horsin’ Around, if you’re still working your way through it. Anyway, the horse tries to warn her, “Be careful, moms have a way of letting you down.” But Olivia just thinks the horse is jealous, and when the mom says she’s moving to California, Olivia decides to go with her. And the network really juiced the cliffhanger: “Is Olivia gone for good?” But of course, because it’s a TV show, she was not gone for good. Of course, because it’s a TV show, Olivia’s mother had a relapse and had to go back to rehab, so Olivia had to hitchhike all the way home, getting rides from Mr. T, Alf, and the cast of Stomp. Of course, that’s what happened. Because, what are you gonna do, just not have Olivia on the show? You can’t have happy endings in sitcoms, not really, because, if everyone’s happy, the show would be over, and above all else, the show… has to keep going. There’s always more show. And you can call Horsin’ Around dumb, or bad, or unrealistic, but there is nothing more realistic than that. You never get a happy ending, ‘cause there’s always more show. I guess until there isn’t. [chuckles] My mom would hate it if she knew that I spent so much time at her funeral talking about my old TV show. Or maybe she’d think it was funny that her idiot son couldn’t even do this right. Who knows? She left no instructions for what she wanted me to say. All I know is she wanted an open casket, and her idiot son couldn’t even do that right. I’m not gonna stand up here and pretend I ever understood how to please that woman, even though so much of my life has been wasted in vain attempts to figure it out. But I keep going back to that moment in the ICU when she looked at me, and… “I-C-U.” “I… see… you.” Jesus Christ, we were in the intensive care unit. She was just reading a sign. My mom died and all I got was this free churro. You know the shittiest thing about all of this? Is when that stranger behind the counter gave me that free churro, that small act of kindness showed more compassion than my mother gave me her entire goddamn life. Like, how hard is it to do something nice for a person? This woman at the Jack in the Box didn’t even know me. I’m your son! All I had was you! [inhales] I have this friend. And right around when I first met her, her dad died, and I actually went with her to the funeral. And months later, she told me that she didn’t understand why she was still upset, because she never even liked her father. It made sense to me, because I went through the same thing when my dad died. And I’m going through the same thing now. You know what it’s like? It’s like that show Becker, you know, with Ted Danson? I watched the entire run of that show, hoping that it would get better, and it never did. It had all the right pieces, but it just—it couldn’t put them together. And when it got canceled, I was really bummed out, not because I liked the show, but because I knew it could be so much better, and now it never would be. And that’s what losing a parent is like. It’s like Becker. Suddenly, you realize you’ll never have the good relationship you wanted, and as long as they were alive, even though you’d never admit it, part of you, the stupidest goddamn part of you, was still holding on to that chance. And you didn’t even realize it until that chance went away. My mother is dead, and everything is worse now, because now I know I will never have a mother who looks at me from across a room and says, “BoJack Horseman, I see you.” But I guess it’s good to know. It’s good to know that there is nobody looking out for me, that there never was, and there never will be. No, it’s good to know that I am the only one that I can depend on. And I know that now and it’s good. It’s good that I know that. So… it’s good my mother is dead. [gulps, sighs] Well. No point beating a dead horse. Beatrice Horseman was born in 1938, and she died in 2018, and I have no idea… what she wanted. Unless she just wanted what we all want… to be seen. Is this Funeral Parlor B? —— from Reddit
看完这部剧,挺佩服这部剧的编剧,起初看的时候原以为只有男主角有金钥匙,但是后期竟然有很多,咱们也该想到,卖金钥匙的奶奶摆了个摊,那顾客并不会少,就要看有没有有为了财富放弃自己的家人以及爱人的顾客了。
让我印象深刻的,就是金钥匙的三条规则了,比如要换父母,那就要到对方家吃三次饭(要想尽一切办法啊),而换回去,只需要在自己真正的家吃一次就好。这是多么的可
看完这部剧,挺佩服这部剧的编剧,起初看的时候原以为只有男主角有金钥匙,但是后期竟然有很多,咱们也该想到,卖金钥匙的奶奶摆了个摊,那顾客并不会少,就要看有没有有为了财富放弃自己的家人以及爱人的顾客了。
让我印象深刻的,就是金钥匙的三条规则了,比如要换父母,那就要到对方家吃三次饭(要想尽一切办法啊),而换回去,只需要在自己真正的家吃一次就好。这是多么的可笑又无奈。
顺治二年1645六月,再一次颁布“剃法令”,规定全国官民限10日内全部剃发易服,否则留发不留头,杀无赦。自此中华大地,陷入漫天尸骨之地,1645年六月,江阴八十一日,城破,八月二十二日,屠城,自八月二十一日至八月二十九日,大雨不绝。江阴城内各处,皆能看到鸦食人心肝,狗食人肺腑的景象!此外,浮尸日益涨满,堆积数重与河水之上。有渔人捞得鳗鱼,却见其为赤色。原来此间的
顺治二年1645六月,再一次颁布“剃法令”,规定全国官民限10日内全部剃发易服,否则留发不留头,杀无赦。自此中华大地,陷入漫天尸骨之地,1645年六月,江阴八十一日,城破,八月二十二日,屠城,自八月二十一日至八月二十九日,大雨不绝。江阴城内各处,皆能看到鸦食人心肝,狗食人肺腑的景象!此外,浮尸日益涨满,堆积数重与河水之上。有渔人捞得鳗鱼,却见其为赤色。原来此间的鳗鱼多钻入浮尸之腹中,终日以人肉为食,所以导致鱼身颜色发生了变化。破城时清兵见人就杀,江阴城内的雌山雄山就是分别屠杀堆尸而成的小丘,时日,城中百姓杀身成仁,竟没有偷生逃走的,据载,在广济古泉排着队投井的人共有400多人。全城九万多百姓最后仅存50余人。知道现在的几年前城建工程还在雌山处挖出无数人骨,《纪连海老师在百家讲坛中说》江阴八十一日,这是一个城市里的普通百姓自发的抗争,在一个退休的典史(相当于现在的公安局长)阎应元的指挥下,抱定牺牲的决心与几十万清军作战,全城九万多百姓最后仅存50余人。我认为像江阴八十一日这样的故事渗透了我们的民族观念,汉族思想和理念,在当时的情况下,这些人(江阴百姓)才是民族的脊梁。城破后,阎应元坐在东城敌楼,要了一枝笔,在门上写道,十万人同心死义,留大明三百里江山。战役中有一江阴无名女子,在殉节前题诗,露胔白骨满疆场,万里孤忠未肯降。寄语行人休掩鼻,活人不及死人香。
顺治二年1645六月,再一次颁布“剃法令”,规定全国官民限10日内全部剃发易服,否则留发不留头,杀无赦。自此中华大地,陷入漫天尸骨之地,1645年六月,江阴八十一日,城破,八月二十二日,屠城,自八月二十一日至八月二十九日,大雨不绝。江阴城内各处,皆能看到鸦食人心肝,狗食人肺腑的景象!此外,浮尸日益涨满,堆积数重与河水之上。有渔人捞得鳗鱼,却见其为赤色。原来此间的鳗鱼多钻入浮尸之腹中,终日以人肉为食,所以导致鱼身颜色发生了变化。破城时清兵见人就杀,江阴城内的雌山雄山就是分别屠杀堆尸而成的小丘,时日,城中百姓杀身成仁,竟没有偷生逃走的,据载,在广济古泉排着队投井的人共有400多人。全城九万多百姓最后仅存50余人。知道现在的几年前城建工程还在雌山处挖出无数人骨,《纪连海老师在百家讲坛中说》江阴八十一日,这是一个城市里的普通百姓自发的抗争,在一个退休的典史(相当于现在的公安局长)阎应元的指挥下,抱定牺牲的决心与几十万清军作战,全城九万多百姓最后仅存50余人。我认为像江阴八十一日这样的故事渗透了我们的民族观念,汉族思想和理念,在当时的情况下,这些人(江阴百姓)才是民族的脊梁。城破后,阎应元坐在东城敌楼,要了一枝笔,在门上写道,十万人同心死义,留大明三百里江山。有一江阴无名女子,在殉节前题诗,露胔白骨满疆场,万里孤忠未肯降。寄语行人休掩鼻,活人不及死人香。
而清狗统治者则为了震慑汉人,瓦解汉族的抵抗决心,同时最最重要的是为了缩小满人与汉人之间的人口比例,对此进行了冷血甚至惨无人道的镇压与大屠杀。扬州十日,嘉定三屠,不知道的其实还有苏州之屠、南昌之屠、赣州之屠、江阴之屠、常熟屠杀、沙镇之屠、南京之屠、盩厔之屠、无锡之屠、昆山之屠、嘉兴之屠、海宁之屠、济南之屠、金华之屠、厦门之屠、潮州之屠、同安之屠、沅江之屠、舟山之屠、湘潭之屠、南雄之屠、泾县之屠、大同之屠、浑源之屠、汾州之屠、太谷之屠、沁州之屠、泽州之屠、朔州之屠、广州之屠、四川之屠等等,基本上是过一境屠一境
这还是有记载的大屠杀,没有记载或者故意掩盖删除的大屠杀还有多少已不可考证,满清究竟屠杀了多少人也没法统计,但从明末汉人人口一亿多而到了清初只剩一千多万就可见满清为了维持统治究竟杀了多少汉人,虽然汉人的
汉人自古就有身体发夫受之父母的观念,有时候把头发看的比命还重,而在服饰上,汉族有自己悠久服饰,即汉服。汉服是世界上历史最古老的民族服饰之一,从黄帝一直延续到清狗为止。
有记载,清军入关,扬州10日,嘉定3日,以及后来清军入四川,2广地区,所杀不计其数! 2300万是保守估计
当然这个数字和当年蒙古南下还是不能比的
顺治三年秋谢迁作为明末清初的一位普通的农民,清狗在全国号召“剃发易服”,全国各地的汉族人奋起抵抗,清军直接用最野蛮的屠杀进行回应。谢迁眼看着无数同胞死于满狗手中,打听到孙之獬的住址之后,一怒之下聚集当地的乡邻,数量达到数千人。带领众人将孙之獬一家老小百十口全部抓了起来,当众宣布其罪状,用锥子遍刺其身,插上头发,恨声不绝地骂道:“我为汝种发!孙之獬也被用最残酷的刑罚,服下了五种剧毒的药,百姓们恨不得慢慢将他折磨致死。还把他在城中的孙子、曾孙杀了个干净。谢迁就把他的四个孙子兰兹、兰藂、兰薮和兰蔼一同绑来,让孙之獬眼睁睁地看着四个孙子的死去,义愤填膺,仍然高声叫骂。百姓将孙之獬嘴用针线封住。在这次事件中,孙之獬直系亲属家有八人死难。其中孙之獬大儿子孙珀龄的三个儿子、二儿子孙琰龄的一个儿子被义军正法,孙琰龄的妻子和两个女儿被凌辱而死。最后将孙之獬凌迟而死,以上均是《淄川县志》详细记录,墓地地址,位于淄博博山新区大庄村的孙氏墓园,应该是旁支的的后代在修缮,如今孙之獬的墓年年被人刨开,墓旁边随处可见矿泉水瓶和烟头墓碑上面随处可见屎和尿迹。墓穴边上有一个直径六十公分、深约3米的洞穴。
1644年清军入关,不久进占北京。1645年,满清统治者设立史馆,拟修《明史》。但因为当时政局未稳,南方抗清斗争如火如荼,所以实际修撰工作只是处在准备阶段而并未全面展开。满清之所以做出这个修史姿态,一是为了借此宣布明朝已经结束,二是为了笼络明朝遗老和降清汉臣。
2、 直到康熙十七年(1678年),修史的条件似乎才成熟,康熙这才下旨全面启动《明史》的修撰工作。直到康熙、雍正先后死去的1739年(乾隆四年),历经九十多年,经三度修撰、编辑和删改的《明史稿》终于定稿(武英殿本)并公开刊印和发行。
3、 乾隆三十八年(1773年)四库毁书运动开始,乾隆四十二年(1777年),乾隆下旨全面改修《明史》中的《本纪》部分(也包括《列传》等部分),到乾隆五十四年(1789年),这部重新勘改完毕的新本《明史》乃被收入《四库全书》。四库本的《明史》可谓为丑化明朝做出了进一步的贡献。
二、《明史》修撰过程中的猫腻
1、《明史稿》的几度篡改。
武英殿本《明史稿》混合了万斯同、王鸿绪、张廷玉这三人的心血和心思。这三人在实际上先后主持《明史》的修撰工作并完成了各自的版本。但万斯同审定的《明史稿》第一版显然是价值最高的,王鸿绪版的《明史稿》似乎是窃取自万斯同版的《明史稿》并大有删改,张廷玉版的《明史稿》则是在前两版的基础上大体按照满清皇帝的意思来修篡和删定的。
史家万斯同的贡献。
万斯同是明末思想家黄宗羲的得意门生,出于对保存明代真实历史的责任心,才接受了清廷邀其参加“明史”修撰的工作,但却终生拒领清朝的薪俸。由此,史学家万斯同通过自己切实的努力乃为明朝“保留”下了大量第一手的、真实可贵的史实资料。可惜每一位后来者都陆续对万氏版的《明史稿》进行了各自的削删和修改,乾隆钦定的四库本《明史》也不例外。尽管如此,以万斯同初稿为基础的《明史》还是为我们保存了明代的基本面貌,尽管当中存在一些严重的问题。
3、《明史》从头到尾都由满清皇帝终审定稿。
清朝的几位统治者对《明史》修撰的重视可谓到了离谱的程度,《明史》每完成一部分,康熙、雍正、乾隆无不仔细审阅,乃至事无大小地就每个自己所“关心”的细节提出自己的“建议”并让书写者修改。当年明**朱元璋修《元史》只花了两年多时间,元朝修《宋史》(二十四史中规模最大的一部史书)也只花了两年多时间,惟独满清,修一部明史竟然花了几代帝王近百年的时间,其处心积虑之深由此可见一斑。所以说,今天我们所了解到的书面的明朝,实在是出于清帝之政治目的而在一定程度上被满清妖魔化了的明朝,是与历史的真相有很大差距的。
4、史官修史的独立性在清代已完全丧失。
明朝的皇帝对于史官撰修当朝史的工作是从不干预的,这正是古代中国最可宝贵的传统之一。但是很可惜,自唐朝发动了玄武门兵变的唐太宗李世民干预史官独立撰史的那一刻起,这一优良传统就遭到了破坏。而满清统治者对史官工作独立性的剥夺,则在历史上达到了一个登峰造极的地步。以此修改历史来美化自己的人,我以为都应扔进历史的垃圾堆。
乾隆版《明史》对明朝皇帝的丑化毋庸质疑。
乾隆四十年(1775),乾隆下令修改《明史》。过程中对明朝皇帝和人事进行了改修和丑化,更刻意贬低了对明朝皇帝的评价。比如,原《明史本纪》中的“英宗赞”称英宗“前后在位二十四年,无甚稗政”,经改修后的“英宗赞”则这样评价英宗说:“前后在位二十四年,威福下移,刑赏僭滥,失亦多矣,或胪举盛德,以为无甚稗政,岂为笃论哉?”再如,原本评价明世宗为“中才之主”,而修改后的评价则变为:“且倚任权奸,果戮直臣,以快其志,亦独何哉!” 只要拿武英殿本《明史》和“四库”本《明史》对比校读,我们就会发现,在明朝十几位皇帝中,至少在英宗、代宗、宪宗、武宗、孝宗、世宗、穆宗等七位皇帝的本纪中,对传主的评语都有了显著的修改。经过这样的修改,明朝皇帝给后人的印象就在总体上突出了“明朝多昏君”的特点。尽管如此,只要对史料有充分的解读,有独立的思考,今天的我们仍然可以得出自己的判断:明朝的皇帝在总体上其实是远强于清朝皇帝的。
5、修完《明史》后毁弃大量珍贵的明朝史料。
清修《明史》,几代学者历时近百年,可谓基本保存了明朝的史实,但却在康雍乾诸帝的旨意下,几经严格的增删、政审、篡改,在一定程度上成功地扭曲和丑化了明朝的真实形象,并在《明史》定稿成书后,焚毁了大量明代的原始史料。目前中国历史第一档案馆保存的明代档案只有3620余件,它们几乎都是明末天启、崇祯两朝的,明初和明中期的档案都没有。明代档案所以保存不多,或许有明清之际战乱的缘故,但主要的还是清朝修撰明史之后,对所依据的档案史料往往弃置甚至烧毁掉。如此,满清对于明朝的妖魔化处理就失去了反驳的第一手证据。乾隆之龌龊由此可见一斑。
附一份清乾隆销毁的明代书籍(光是以“明”字打头的被满清禁毁的书籍就接近一百五十种,另有以“皇”字开头的许多明朝书籍也被禁毁),书目大致如下:
《明百将传》《明宝训》《明表选》《明兵略纂闻》《明策衡》《明朝官制大全》《明朝捷录》《明朝通纪会纂》《明朝小史》《明臣言行录》《明臣奏疏》《明初开国群雄事略》《明大事记》《明代帝后纪略》《明代圣政》《明代野史》《明道杂志》《明纲目》《明馆课标奇》《明馆课宏词》《明馆课录》《明光宗实录》《明纪本末》《明纪本末国书》《明纪编年》《明纪编年会纂》《明纪编遗》《明纪重辑》《明纪纲鉴补》《明纪纲目》《明纪会纂》《明纪甲乙事略》《明纪鉴略》《明纪鉴略补》《明纪鉴鼎脔》《明纪全载》《明纪弹词》《明纪要》《明纪编年会纂》《明记甲乙两年汇编》《明季南略》《明季遂志录》《明季文杂抄》《明季遗闻》《明家训》《明鉴会纂》《明鉴易知录》《明将略》《明将略注》《明将传》《明经济名臣录》《明经济书》《明经济文辑》《明论必读》《明论表》《明名臣经济录》《明名臣奏牍》《明末纪事》《明末诏书》《明女直志》《明人后场论表》《明人诗抄》《明人物考(焦竑)》《明人物考(王世贞)》《明神宗实录》《明诗别裁集》《明诗归》《明诗善鸣集》《明诗选(陈子龙)》《明诗选(马士奇)》《明诗综》《明实纪》《明实录》《明史纪略》《明史记事本末》《明史类编》《明史列传》《明史略》《明史全集辑录》《明史通纂》《明史野获》《明史纂》《明疏抄》《明书》《明**实录辨证》《明通纪编年》《明通纪会》《明通纪辑录》《明通纪辑略》《明通纪辑要》《明通纪捷要》《明通纪统宗》《明通纪摘录》《明通纪直解》《明通纪纂》《明通鉴编年》《明通纂要》《明琬琰录》《明文案》《明文百家粹》《明文宝符》《明文初学读本》《明文大家二编》《明文大小题商》《明文得》《明文得珠》《明文发》《明文分类传针》《明文录》《明文赏奇》《明文选》《明文翼运》《明文英华》《明献帝宝训》《明相业军功考》《明续记》《明宣宗宝训》《明一统志》《(皇)明杂录(尹直)》《明杂录(佚名)》《明诏制》《明政统宗》《明职方地图》《(皇)明制书》《明制稿》《明注略》《明状元策》《明宗孝义》《明奏疏(施元征)》《明奏疏(陆澄源)》《明奏疏(佚名)》《明奏议》
三、因《明史》而引起的两起文字狱
1、文字狱之“庄廷鑨明史案”。
康雍乾在文字狱方面可都是登峰造极的,尤其是乾隆,在这一点上可谓恶劣,杀人无数。跟之后的雍正、乾隆两朝相比,康熙朝的文字狱还不算非常严重,但是也杀戮了大批文人。比如发生在康熙朝的“庄廷鑨明史案”,一干所谓的“人犯”70余人(为《明史》写序的、校对的,甚至卖书的、买书的、刻字印刷的以及当地官吏)或凌迟、或杖毙、或绞死, “主犯”庄廷鑨大逆律剖棺戮尸。史载,在该案中被判处死刑的多达70余人,被流放为奴的家属达到数百人(最多时收监人犯竟达两千余人)。
2、文字狱之“戴名世《南山集》案”。
康熙翰林院编修戴名世对清廷随意篡改明朝史籍甚感愤慨,他通过访问明朝遗老和参考文字史料写了一本记录明末历史的《南山集》。康熙五十年(1711年),书印出十年后被人告发,康熙十分震怒,下旨将戴名世凌迟处死,戴氏家族凡男子十六岁以上者立斩,女子及十五岁以下男子,发给满清贵族家作奴仆。同乡方孝标曾提供参考资料《黔贵记事》,也和戴名世同样治罪;戴氏同族人有职衔者,一律革去;给《南山集》作序的汪灏、方苞、王源等处斩刑;给《南山集》捐款刊印出版的方正玉、尤云鹗等人及其妻、子,发宁古塔充军为奴。由《南山集》受到牵连的有三百多人,后来康熙故作慈悲,改戴名世凌迟为斩刑,本来应处斩刑之人如戴家、方家都流放黑龙江为奴,方孝标已死,但仍被开棺戮尸扬灰。
清朝靠篡改史书来确保帝王个个英明。
从庄廷龙明史案、戴名世等明史案中可以看出,满清统治者对《明史》可谓敏感之至!他们惟恐本朝被曾经辉煌的明朝比下去,惟恐汉族民众长久地怀念明朝,惟恐满清的皇帝被明朝的皇帝抢了风头,所以,就采取了按统治者的意志强行修史的办法来丑化前朝。于是,制度先进、思想自由、社会开放、经济发达、文化繁荣、民生富足、君主善“无为而治”、科技事业临界于突破、资本主义萌芽生机勃勃的明朝就被满清统治者抹黑和妖魔化到了一个空前绝后的程度,而闭关锁国、思想禁锢、经济停滞、民生凋敝、日益落后、丧权辱国于西方世界的清朝却还能以所谓的“康乾盛世”来标榜自己。
4、历史终将获得平反和公正。
殊不知从来都领先于世界的中国,自打满清入关统治华夏之后,中华文明的历史性大倒退就如一场巨大无比的灾难般笼罩在了这片古老的、辉煌了几千年的土地上。而我相信,还历史一个真实和公正已经离我们越来越近了,因为中国人需要重新焕发自己的民族自信心,也因为只有正确地认识和评价本民族的历史和历史人物,才能使被长期扭曲的民族精神得到矫正,才能最大限度地激发起一个民族的力量和智慧
黑云压城城欲摧,明朝画地分河山。昔时繁盛皆埋没,举目凄凉无故物。家家流血如泉沸,处处冤声声动地。婴儿稚女皆生弃。仰天掩面哭一声,女弟女兄同入井,须臾四面火光来,欲下回梯梯又摧,烟中大叫犹求救,梁上悬尸已作灰。四面从兹多厄束,鞑虏机上刲人肉。一从建奴陷中国,家中门外倚僵尸,天地晦冥风雨黑。明朝晓至三峰路,百万人家无一户。破落田园但有蒿,摧残竹树皆无主。寰中箫管不曾闻,筵上牺牲无处觅。旋教魇鬼傍乡村,诛剥生灵过朝夕。明朝又过新安东,路上乞浆逢一翁。苍苍面带苔藓色,隐隐身藏蓬荻中。问翁本是何乡曲?底事寒天霜露宿?老翁暂起欲陈辞,却坐支颐仰天哭。白骨成丘山,苍生竟何罪。
1625年十月分路去,逢村堡,即下马斩杀”辽东汉民几乎死亡殆尽。萨尔浒之战前辽东人口大约一千万,逃亡了约两三百万,粗略估计辽东屠杀数量在四百万左右。
1642年袁崇焕杀掉毛文龙以后,没有后顾之忧的清兵开始不断绕道蒙古,从喜峰口等地攻入长城以内,沿途不断的屠杀和劫掠人口,让河北山东等地为之一空。比较惨重的包括崇祯十二年攻克济南,屠杀约一百万人;崇祯十五年攻克临清,屠杀约八十万人。
在1644年从山海关入关之前,清军共有六次越过长城入塞杀掠,其中大规模劫掠人口的有四次,累计劫掠人口超过一百多万。根据赵州屠城和劫掠人口的数据,劫掠数和屠杀数大约为1:6。则这四次入塞屠杀和劫掠人口就在八百万左右。另外两次没有劫掠人口的数据,但沿途诸多地方也被屠城烧杀。每次人口损失就算只有一百万。清军入塞所造成的人口损失也在一千万以上。
1645年5月20日主要是三个阶段。首先大开杀戒的就是扬州城,也即著名的“扬州十日”,杀了大约八十万人。
嘉定三屠屠杀平民十万,和“江阴八十一日屠杀17,2万人,男性死亡达到一半,说明江阴城中的居民应该确实是被几乎全杀光了。
道旁废墟存古井,石上绳痕吊水影。犹有石臼无人舂,倾侧墙隅如覆鼎。
忆昔村民千百家,门前榆柳荫桑麻。鸣鸡犬吠满深巷,男舂妇汲声欢哗。
神宗在位多丰岁,斗粟文钱物不贵。门少催科人昼眠,四十八载人如醉。
江山鼎革成新故,物化民移不知处。空村古鬼起寒磷,荒原野火烧枯树。
井中白骨成青苔,舂碓之人安在哉?此物曾经太平日,如何过之心不哀?
丁耀亢(1599~1669年), 字西生,号野鹤,自称紫阳道人、木鸡道人,山东诸城人。
满洲人统治下的康熙年,我路过一户人家,已经变成一堆废墟:那里有一口以前的井,石头砌的,轱辘上缠绳的痕迹证明曾经有井绳存在过。还有一个石臼被反扣遗弃在墙角像打翻的鼎镬,却再也看不到那个用它来舂米的人了。回想起曾经这个村子有成百上千户的人家,门前大都种了各种美化或生产的树,犹如榆树,柳树,桑树等。经常能听到从深巷传出的鸡鸣狗吠之声,还有男人舂米女儿打水的各种人声鼎沸的喧哗之声。
想起我在万历年时的生活场景,神宗皇帝在位的时候总是多丰收年,四十斤小米才几块钱,东西都非常得便宜啊,大家的实际购买力都很强啊。基本上都看不到上门收税的税务人员,神宗皇帝在位的这四十八年里,那人活得那个滋润,就像迷醉了一般!
想不到现在江山易主,改朝换代民风变异物是人非。整个村子空荡荡的,只能看到晚上从死人骸骨上冒出的令人不寒而栗的鬼火,整个种粮食的平地生满了被野火烧掉的荒草,枯木;昔日投身入井的人,早已化成一堆白骨,那上面都长出了青苔,昔日舂碓的人现在在哪里呢?这些都是大明万历时代,那个曾经天下太平的时代自己曾经用过的东西,现在我路过被我看到你叫我怎么能够不悲伤呢?
今人只晓康乾盛,不知败絮在其中
迫作奴才可奈何,以奴为荣奈若何
如今明月空如水,不见青溪长板桥。
寄语路人休掩鼻,活人不及死人香!
大明日月山河永在,见辫子戏必骂之
在这一部电视里面,男主角刘华盛几起几落和剧名很贴切。但是男主角的性格实在是难以置信,竟然可以多次容忍光头。另外就算想要拉王伯入伙,也不必如此低三下四。也许刘华盛的性格类似刘备,过于仁厚。
男主角在剧中多次抓住机遇,很大程度来源其学习能力和做人。正如剧中所讲诚信在澳门是经商的根本,刘华盛多次守信用以及为人处世征得了他人的认可。可是,发现刘华盛发迹基本都是靠自己老婆帮忙。在这一方面,
在这一部电视里面,男主角刘华盛几起几落和剧名很贴切。但是男主角的性格实在是难以置信,竟然可以多次容忍光头。另外就算想要拉王伯入伙,也不必如此低三下四。也许刘华盛的性格类似刘备,过于仁厚。
男主角在剧中多次抓住机遇,很大程度来源其学习能力和做人。正如剧中所讲诚信在澳门是经商的根本,刘华盛多次守信用以及为人处世征得了他人的认可。可是,发现刘华盛发迹基本都是靠自己老婆帮忙。在这一方面,娶一个贤妻是多么重要。夫妻都是共同成长,相互影响。
更新:2019.10.19 央视六台正在播放中文配音版,这么快央视买到播放,果然拍的不尽如人意啊。(可能我除外)
我先申明哦,我是看了电视剧之后才来看这部的。所以不符合你的见解,很正常。比起电影,我更推荐你去看电视剧。
整体好评,跟电视剧那套其实差不多故事点,电视剧党一本满足。故事场景缩小在别墅周边,更像是情景喜剧加了点DLC拓展包。
俄方那边基本原班人马
更新:2019.10.19 央视六台正在播放中文配音版,这么快央视买到播放,果然拍的不尽如人意啊。(可能我除外)
我先申明哦,我是看了电视剧之后才来看这部的。所以不符合你的见解,很正常。比起电影,我更推荐你去看电视剧。
整体好评,跟电视剧那套其实差不多故事点,电视剧党一本满足。故事场景缩小在别墅周边,更像是情景喜剧加了点DLC拓展包。
俄方那边基本原班人马,可以说诚意满满。就是中资这边估计以资本的力量(说好的寡头呢??)安排了男主,世界线开始发生了变动,可怜的罗马惨遭打压,形象也变得很糟糕。宅子里出现的大妈大爷也算是丰富细节了,不像是电视剧里那样,偌大的宅子,没几个人住。至于小姑子的戏份,其实就是开头的引子和收尾的伏笔,不要想太多。
那只棕熊,好像是之前俄罗斯的网红熊?电影转场强加的文字字幕过于尴尬,能理解希望达到的效果,但是手法不行啊。第二次坦克的BGM响起,其实有些不合时宜。再开炮也没什么意思,倒不如转头冲向警察局,却在撞到前戛然而止来的有意思。而且,彩蛋里再开炮的时候其实是放的礼花弹,更加冲淡了坦克本身的"战斗"感觉。
包袱基本上就是原来电视剧的那些,战斗民族的梗。说看片名就知道是烂片的,你有考虑过片名是中国人翻译这个因素嘛,翻译的不好也不能因果到电影不行吧。其实评论里说的跪舔,黄俄,我明白意思。原来电视剧,是说一个美国人来俄罗斯的经历(当然是俄罗斯人假扮的),就是俄罗斯人民族自强的那种自嗨,但是剧集里除了俄罗斯人的自我YY,也很多有对自己的自黑啊,一正一负才精彩。当然,电影里这些就变了味儿了。从未了解过这个系列的人看来,就跟像是单一吹捧俄罗斯,而不是像《唐人街探案》那样,通过泰国的负面形象来让我们自己YY开心。Whatever,罗马你还是跟小公主在一起吧。我就不信那么胆大心细的你,会真的因为寡头欺负你几下,你就放弃了。
.
时间真的真快,三年不足以让人遗失记忆,相信很多人对第一季的感觉就像是第二季的剧名后缀一样——念念不忘!
时间真的真快,三年不足以让人遗失记忆,相信很多人对第一季的感觉就像是第二季的剧名后缀一样——念念不忘!
很少写影评,起初是在短视频平台看到了解析,当时只看到了前半段,滴了脑袋就看了,发现就开头特别吸引人,后半段纯纯都是浪费时间,一看豆瓣6.2分,瞬间发现原来大家也这么想哈哈哈
先说第一段,这一段是最吸引人的,影片从一开始就塑造了宏大的价值观,类似全球病毒,导致大部分植物发生变异,粮食短缺,设立了严格的等
很少写影评,起初是在短视频平台看到了解析,当时只看到了前半段,滴了脑袋就看了,发现就开头特别吸引人,后半段纯纯都是浪费时间,一看豆瓣6.2分,瞬间发现原来大家也这么想哈哈哈
先说第一段,这一段是最吸引人的,影片从一开始就塑造了宏大的价值观,类似全球病毒,导致大部分植物发生变异,粮食短缺,设立了严格的等级制度,城里人都住在类似空岛的地区,剩下的都在被严重污染的森林地区,很有克鲁苏那味,特别是小女孩一路上遇到的各种“动植物”,爸爸变成飞行器陪伴在生病,实际在床上卧床不起,要靠“细菌”续命,还有舅舅领养各种小孩专门从事“买卖血液”的生意,再到雪白雪白的仿生人,全半段我看的晶晶有味,想想后面剧情要是精彩一点,我愿封他为2022年年度科幻影片,直到我往下看....
这一段我们的第二个女主角就登场了,从城里逃出来,飞机坠毁的幸存下来的女防生人,被小女孩救助后,这一段已经开始无聊了,现在回想起来也就是学狼叫那个片段有点印象,实在忍不住把倍速点开了,导演通过很短的时间让小女孩跟女防生人建立友谊,类似填补了女主角从小缺少妈妈的角色,但是这一段一点新意都没有,因为这电影大部分还是变异的世界比较吸引人,但是这一段基本就是在讲种子、被锁住的种子、小女孩养的温和变异植物,相信大家看到这一段已经在想后面也没剩多少进度条了,到底能不能看到城里的世界,会不会有变异的怪物,防生人的战争、生物学家出逃的原因,我们接着往下
最后一段,舅舅的背叛,爸爸的舍命救女,这个时候本部影片用进度条告诉我,我对这部影片的幻想基本已经结束了,这都啥啊,那两个城里来的人,就想星战过来客串的,登场是用隐形的方式登场的,飞行器都看不到了,最后被类似甜菜根的植物给团灭了,我一整个震惊,这都搞什么啊,想看到的一点没看到,不如多看看变异的植物呢,影片塑造了那么宏大的价值观,后面是一点也不想给大家看啊,甚至一开始的天空城还是最后女孩撒种子才看到一眼,我建议就看前半个小时感受感受,短评有个评论我很认可,在这个压抑的时代有这种影片不奇怪,但是我绝对不看第二遍!!!!!!
虽然出现了怪物,还好,这不是部恐怖电影,导演没有刻意的渲染“怪力乱神”似乎值得称道,这部电影里也没有出现阴谋论的神转折也该赞导演一句。所以,在靠这些东西吸引眼球的今天,在这些伎俩都成了标配的今天,导演没有这样做,该被称赞一句。可是,费了这么大的劲,做了这么大的克制,就为讲一个现如今人人都懂的道理:因为自恋,或者因为无聊,或者,那就是我的本质?人会爱上自己的软弱和缺陷?
这其实也是
虽然出现了怪物,还好,这不是部恐怖电影,导演没有刻意的渲染“怪力乱神”似乎值得称道,这部电影里也没有出现阴谋论的神转折也该赞导演一句。所以,在靠这些东西吸引眼球的今天,在这些伎俩都成了标配的今天,导演没有这样做,该被称赞一句。可是,费了这么大的劲,做了这么大的克制,就为讲一个现如今人人都懂的道理:因为自恋,或者因为无聊,或者,那就是我的本质?人会爱上自己的软弱和缺陷?
这其实也是个好的电影题材,也可以很有启发和挖掘的必要,毕竟,人性里的这个区域,是窠臼,也是人人难逃的普遍意义。如同,心理学最近的一些研究所揭示的人类理性一样。如同,所谓的自由意志到底有多自由一样。可是,感觉导演还是费了老大的劲,讲了一个皮毛,有点莫名其妙,也有点浅尝辄止了!